Externalising behaviours (e.g. deviant, disruptive, oppositional behaviour) are consistently shown to be risk factors for ESL. Civic competence (via participation in extracurricular activities) as well as social competence constitute protective factors. Peers also play a role. Supporting students’ social and emotional adjustment early on is warranted.
Obradovic, J.
Bibliography
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Students’ social and civic competencies: Predictors of ESL
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The importance of the social and emotional competencies of educational staff
The teacher’s social and emotional competencies are linked to healthy student-teacher relationships which, in turn, create better student social, emotional and academic outcomes, including lower levels of ESL. Such competencies of the teacher can be acquired in pre-service or in-service teacher education.
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Preventing ESL by enhancing resiliency
Educational resilience is related to staying in school despite high risks (e.g. low social economic status, migrant status) present in one’s life and, as such, can offer a path for preventing ESL. Enhancing educational resilience is a result of fostering protective factor(s) on either the contextual (family, school, community, e.g. parental education trainings, positive school climate improvements…) or individual level (e.g. mind-set trainings).